This allowed information originating from hospital visits and fatal events that were not included in CPRD GOLD to be included in the analyses.
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The individuals in CPRD GOLD are representative of the overall UK adult population in terms of age, sex and ethnicity.ĭata were extracted from the CPRD GOLD database in January 2019 and merged with data from Hospital Episode Statistics and death registration data from the Office for National Statistics. This retrospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study used data from the CPRD GOLD,Īn ongoing database of anonymized primary care records from general practitioners in the United Kingdom that includes information on patient demographics, disease symptoms, laboratory test results, diagnoses, treatment, health‐related behaviors and referrals to secondary care. CPRD GOLD is a large, population‐representative UK primary care database that links to secondary care data sets and is widely used in epidemiology research across a broad range of disease areas, To allow longitudinal assessment of a large patient sample and inclusion of multiple relevant outcomes in the analyses, data from the well‐recognized Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) GOLD were used. This study was designed to examine how a broad range of obesity‐related conditions and events associate with overweight or obesity, compared with healthy weight, in a large cohort considered generalizable to populations in everyday clinical practice. It is vital to assess further the association over time between obesity and other health conditions, to understand both the clinical impact on individuals living with overweight or obesity and the wider burden on healthcare systems. Obesity and its comorbidities impose not only direct treatment costs on healthcare systems,īut also indirect costs on society, such as loss of work productivity. The total cost to the UK National Health Service (NHS) of treating overweight, obesity and associated conditions was estimated at £6.1 billion in 2014–2015, and costs are projected to rise to £9.7 billion by 2050.Īnother projection of future obesity‐related healthcare costs in the United Kingdom suggested that treatment of comorbid conditions including T2D, heart disease, and stroke is likely to constitute a considerable proportion of this economic impact in the coming decades, with an estimated £2 billion annual excess spending on obesity‐related conditions by 2030. 6, 7 Cardiovascular disease accounts for a considerable proportion of obesity‐related mortality: a meta‐analysis estimated that, in 2015, approximately 4 million deaths worldwide were attributable to high BMI, of which 2.7 million were linked to cardiovascular disease and 0.9 million were linked to diabetes.Īcross studies, mortality has been shown to increase non‐linearly with increasing BMI.
In addition, higher BMI has been linked with higher incidence of cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and coronary heart disease.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), gallbladder disease, and osteoarthritis,Ĭompared with those of healthy weight. according to 2017 data, 26% of adults in England were living with obesity.Īcross various observational studies, individuals with higher BMI were shown to be at higher risk of a range of chronic conditions, including sleep apnea, In line with this global trend, the prevalence of obesity has risen steadily in the United Kingdom, with a particularly sharp increase between 19.Ī report by the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development using data from 2018 found that the UK overweight and obesity rates were some of the highest in Western Europe at 63% of the adult population
In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults worldwide were above healthy weight (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m 2) and more than 650 million of these individuals were living with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2).
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